2001
Taylor, P; Burridge, J H
Cutaneous Sensory Perception Training Using Electrical Stimulation. Three case studies Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 032, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_032,
title = {Cutaneous Sensory Perception Training Using Electrical Stimulation. Three case studies},
author = {P Taylor and J H Burridge},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_032_Taylor.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {032},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {It has been demonstrated that sensory ability can be changed by training and that this can cause neuroplastic changes within the brain. This paper describes a device and its use for the training sensory perception by means of electrical stimulation. Additionally the device can be used orthoticly enabling improved ADL skills. The device consists of force sensitive resisters mounted over a pair of self-adhesive electrodes, which place on the pulps of the index finger and thumb. When an object is grasped, the stimulation is delivered, effectively acting as an amplification of normal sensory input. Three CVA subjects are presented whom, after sensory training showed improved proprioception, two point discrimination and Jebsen-Taylor hand function following training.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
It has been demonstrated that sensory ability can be changed by training and that this can cause neuroplastic changes within the brain. This paper describes a device and its use for the training sensory perception by means of electrical stimulation. Additionally the device can be used orthoticly enabling improved ADL skills. The device consists of force sensitive resisters mounted over a pair of self-adhesive electrodes, which place on the pulps of the index finger and thumb. When an object is grasped, the stimulation is delivered, effectively acting as an amplification of normal sensory input. Three CVA subjects are presented whom, after sensory training showed improved proprioception, two point discrimination and Jebsen-Taylor hand function following training.
Kamono, A; Kotaka, Y; Tomita, Y
Development of Gait Assist Device for Foot Drop Patients Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 021, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_021,
title = {Development of Gait Assist Device for Foot Drop Patients},
author = {A Kamono and Y Kotaka and Y Tomita},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_021_Kamono.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {021},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Some of foot drop patients can generate voluntary electromyogram, which is not sufficient to dorsiflex an ankle joint. We developed a gait assist device that employs an electrical stimulation for these patients. When surface EMG of tibialis anterior muscle is observed, an electrical stimulation is applied to the same electrodes. The stimulation is repeated 15 times per second with bipolar pulses with the duration of 0.1 to 0.5 ms. The pulse duration is changed according to the amplitude of the voluntary EMG. The duration is calculated with a microcomputer. The device is worked with a 006P-type dry battery (9 V), and is mounted on a knee supporter for sport players. The electrodes are also mounted on the inner side of the supporter for easy don and doff. Patients improved the foot drop and inversion of their ankle joints.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Some of foot drop patients can generate voluntary electromyogram, which is not sufficient to dorsiflex an ankle joint. We developed a gait assist device that employs an electrical stimulation for these patients. When surface EMG of tibialis anterior muscle is observed, an electrical stimulation is applied to the same electrodes. The stimulation is repeated 15 times per second with bipolar pulses with the duration of 0.1 to 0.5 ms. The pulse duration is changed according to the amplitude of the voluntary EMG. The duration is calculated with a microcomputer. The device is worked with a 006P-type dry battery (9 V), and is mounted on a knee supporter for sport players. The electrodes are also mounted on the inner side of the supporter for easy don and doff. Patients improved the foot drop and inversion of their ankle joints.
Kukke, S N; Triolo, R J; Uhlir, J P; Davis, J A
The Effect of Electrically-Induced Trunk Extension on Seated Posture and Balance Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 013, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_013,
title = {The Effect of Electrically-Induced Trunk Extension on Seated Posture and Balance},
author = {S N Kukke and R J Triolo and J P Uhlir and J A Davis},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_013_Kukke.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {013},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {The center of pressure (COP) was used as an indicator of seated posture and balance in three subjects with spinal cord injury. The subjects, each with implanted intramuscular electrodes in their right and left paraspinals, sat without support on a force platform and outstretched their arms while balancing themselves in the seated position. Their COP was calculated with and without electrical stimulation to the trunk extensor muscles. It was hypothesized that there would be an anterior shift in the COP with stimulation, and that the sway area of the COP would decrease. It was found that there was, in fact, an anterior shift in the COP in all subjects, but no discernable trend in the change in sway area with stimulation. These data suggest that electrical stimulation can induce a more functional posture by shifting the COP forward. Further research regarding the effects of stimulation on seated balance and bimanual workspace is ongoing.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The center of pressure (COP) was used as an indicator of seated posture and balance in three subjects with spinal cord injury. The subjects, each with implanted intramuscular electrodes in their right and left paraspinals, sat without support on a force platform and outstretched their arms while balancing themselves in the seated position. Their COP was calculated with and without electrical stimulation to the trunk extensor muscles. It was hypothesized that there would be an anterior shift in the COP with stimulation, and that the sway area of the COP would decrease. It was found that there was, in fact, an anterior shift in the COP in all subjects, but no discernable trend in the change in sway area with stimulation. These data suggest that electrical stimulation can induce a more functional posture by shifting the COP forward. Further research regarding the effects of stimulation on seated balance and bimanual workspace is ongoing.
Uhlir, J P; Triolo, R J; Davis, J A
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 024, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_024,
title = {The Effect of Stimulated Trunk Extension on the Upright Body Weight Distributioin While Standing with Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation},
author = {J P Uhlir and R J Triolo and J A Davis},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_024_Uhlir.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {024},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {The recipients of the CWRU/VA standing neuroprosthesis have demonstrated the ability to stand with less than 10 percent of their body weight on the arms. In this study, we investigated the role of trunk extension generated by the stimulated erector spinae muscles in the performance of this system. In two subjects with SCI, the erector spinae muscles were bilaterally deactivated while upright to measure the change in body weight distribution. The body weight distribution was measured using a pair of forceplates and a pair of instrumented parallel bars. Deactivation of the erector spinae muscles resulted in arm support forces increasing from 5% to 29% in one subject and from 11% to 49% in the other. These results indicate that the users of standing neuroprosthesis which activate the erector spinae muscles are able to support a larger portion of their body weight on their legs, thus increasing their ability to remove a hand from the support device to manipulate objects in their environment.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The recipients of the CWRU/VA standing neuroprosthesis have demonstrated the ability to stand with less than 10 percent of their body weight on the arms. In this study, we investigated the role of trunk extension generated by the stimulated erector spinae muscles in the performance of this system. In two subjects with SCI, the erector spinae muscles were bilaterally deactivated while upright to measure the change in body weight distribution. The body weight distribution was measured using a pair of forceplates and a pair of instrumented parallel bars. Deactivation of the erector spinae muscles resulted in arm support forces increasing from 5% to 29% in one subject and from 11% to 49% in the other. These results indicate that the users of standing neuroprosthesis which activate the erector spinae muscles are able to support a larger portion of their body weight on their legs, thus increasing their ability to remove a hand from the support device to manipulate objects in their environment.
Ito, H; Shimada, Y; Matsunaga, T; Tsutsumi, Y; Ando, S; Minato, T; Sato, M; Chida, S; Hatakeyama, K; Iizuka, K
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 017, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_017,
title = {Effects on Percutaneous Intramuscular Therapeutic Electrical Stimulus in Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Incomplete Paraplegia},
author = {H Ito and Y Shimada and T Matsunaga and Y Tsutsumi and S Ando and T Minato and M Sato and S Chida and K Hatakeyama and K Iizuka},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_017_Ito.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {017},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Eleven spinal cord injured patients participated in this study. They were classified into two groups: (a) stimulated by percutaneous intramuscular electrodes, and (b) stimulated by surface electrodes. In this study, we mainly evaluated the effect of stimulation using percutaneous intramuscular electrodes, in reducing spasticity and thus improving the activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with incomplete paraplegia. Next, we compared the results of percutaneous intramuscular stimulation versus surface stimulation in the incomplete paraplegic patients. In the percutaneous intramuscular electrodes group, 5 of 7 patients were improved in ADL. On the other hand, in the surface electrodes group, none of the patients had any decrease in their level of spasticity.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Eleven spinal cord injured patients participated in this study. They were classified into two groups: (a) stimulated by percutaneous intramuscular electrodes, and (b) stimulated by surface electrodes. In this study, we mainly evaluated the effect of stimulation using percutaneous intramuscular electrodes, in reducing spasticity and thus improving the activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with incomplete paraplegia. Next, we compared the results of percutaneous intramuscular stimulation versus surface stimulation in the incomplete paraplegic patients. In the percutaneous intramuscular electrodes group, 5 of 7 patients were improved in ADL. On the other hand, in the surface electrodes group, none of the patients had any decrease in their level of spasticity.
Nandurkar, S; Marsolais, E B; Kobetic, R
Functional Electrical Stimulation for Paraplegia Long -Term Clinical Follow-up Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 018, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_018,
title = {Functional Electrical Stimulation for Paraplegia Long -Term Clinical Follow-up},
author = {S Nandurkar and E B Marsolais and R Kobetic},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_018_Nandurkar.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {018},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Percutaneous functional electrical stimulation system for exercise, standing, and walking in individuals with paraplegia was developed during 1982-92. The components include 1. a portable microprocessor-controlled stimulator; 2. a finger controlled switch to activate stimulation, and 3. intramuscular electrode. The most common problems were daily care of electrodes at exit sites, frequent irritation of the skin around electrodes, and replacement of failed electrodes. While the intent of this system was a temporary use, it has been found effective and relatively safe for up to sixteen years. Two current long time users of the system had no adverse effects to their skeletal system. This system has proven effective for defining the critical muscles for implantable walking system and gait training in incomplete paraplegia before considering implant. The percutaneous system has potential for short-term rehabilitation of incomplete paraplegia and stroke population.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Percutaneous functional electrical stimulation system for exercise, standing, and walking in individuals with paraplegia was developed during 1982-92. The components include 1. a portable microprocessor-controlled stimulator; 2. a finger controlled switch to activate stimulation, and 3. intramuscular electrode. The most common problems were daily care of electrodes at exit sites, frequent irritation of the skin around electrodes, and replacement of failed electrodes. While the intent of this system was a temporary use, it has been found effective and relatively safe for up to sixteen years. Two current long time users of the system had no adverse effects to their skeletal system. This system has proven effective for defining the critical muscles for implantable walking system and gait training in incomplete paraplegia before considering implant. The percutaneous system has potential for short-term rehabilitation of incomplete paraplegia and stroke population.
Kobetic, R; Marsolais, E B; Kolacinski, M R; Gaudio, R; Nandurkar, S; Triolo, R
Hybrid Orthosis with Controllable Hip and Knee Joints and Multichannel FES for Walking in Paraplegia Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 027, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_027,
title = {Hybrid Orthosis with Controllable Hip and Knee Joints and Multichannel FES for Walking in Paraplegia},
author = {R Kobetic and E B Marsolais and M R Kolacinski and R Gaudio and S Nandurkar and R Triolo},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_027_Kobetic.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {027},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {A hybrid system including trunk-hip-knee-ankle-foot (THKAFO) orthosis and multi-channel functional electrical stimulation with implanted electrodes has been designed for walking in paraplegia. The THKAFO has been instrumented with commercially available spring wrap clutches at the hips and knees. Clutches provide free movement in extension and allow flexion only when they are disengaged by solenoids. Microprocessor controlled stimulator provides activation signals for solenoids, in addition, to multi-channel muscle stimulation. This system provides free motion of the hips and knees during swing phase of gait and selectively locks the hips and knees during stance to prevent collapse. The initial use of this hybrid system has shown the importance of close coupling of THKAFO and the body. This hybrid system has a potential to provide gait powered by muscle stimulation without the usual restrictions in joint motion imposed by the bracing but with stability normally seen only with bracing. Further advantages include reduction in required stimulation during standing and support phases of gait.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A hybrid system including trunk-hip-knee-ankle-foot (THKAFO) orthosis and multi-channel functional electrical stimulation with implanted electrodes has been designed for walking in paraplegia. The THKAFO has been instrumented with commercially available spring wrap clutches at the hips and knees. Clutches provide free movement in extension and allow flexion only when they are disengaged by solenoids. Microprocessor controlled stimulator provides activation signals for solenoids, in addition, to multi-channel muscle stimulation. This system provides free motion of the hips and knees during swing phase of gait and selectively locks the hips and knees during stance to prevent collapse. The initial use of this hybrid system has shown the importance of close coupling of THKAFO and the body. This hybrid system has a potential to provide gait powered by muscle stimulation without the usual restrictions in joint motion imposed by the bracing but with stability normally seen only with bracing. Further advantages include reduction in required stimulation during standing and support phases of gait.
Smith, B T; Betz, R R; Mulcahey, M J
Implantable FES System for Upper or Lower Limb Function in the Growing Child With a Spinal Cord Injury Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 030, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_030,
title = {Implantable FES System for Upper or Lower Limb Function in the Growing Child With a Spinal Cord Injury},
author = {B T Smith and R R Betz and M J Mulcahey},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_030_Smith.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {030},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {The aim of this study was to compare the use of a completely implanted functional electrical stimulation (FES) system to long leg braces (LLB) for upright mobility in children and adolescents with spinal cord injury. Nine subjects underwent surgical implantation of an FES system, with electrodes placed to stimulate hip extension, abduction, and adduction, and knee extension. After receiving equal mobility training in the use of LLB and the FES system, subjects were tested in 8 upright mobility activities. Six subjects have completed data collection. Results indicate that the subjects completed 4 activities more quickly with FES than with LLB and were more independent in 2 activities. No subject required more time or assistance to complete any activity with FES. These results indicate that performance with an implanted FES system was comparable to or better than performance with LLB. In addition, FES may be advantageous for several important functional activities.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The aim of this study was to compare the use of a completely implanted functional electrical stimulation (FES) system to long leg braces (LLB) for upright mobility in children and adolescents with spinal cord injury. Nine subjects underwent surgical implantation of an FES system, with electrodes placed to stimulate hip extension, abduction, and adduction, and knee extension. After receiving equal mobility training in the use of LLB and the FES system, subjects were tested in 8 upright mobility activities. Six subjects have completed data collection. Results indicate that the subjects completed 4 activities more quickly with FES than with LLB and were more independent in 2 activities. No subject required more time or assistance to complete any activity with FES. These results indicate that performance with an implanted FES system was comparable to or better than performance with LLB. In addition, FES may be advantageous for several important functional activities.
Johnston, T E; Betz, R R; Smith, B T; Mulcahey, M J
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 029, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_029,
title = {An Implantable Functional Electrical Stimulation System for Upright Mobility in Children and Adolescents with Spinal Cord Injury},
author = {T E Johnston and R R Betz and B T Smith and M J Mulcahey},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_029_Johnston.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {029},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {The aim of this study was to compare the use of a completely implanted functional electrical stimulation (FES) system to long leg braces (LLB) for upright mobility in children and adolescents with spinal cord injury. Nine subjects underwent surgical implantation of an FES system, with electrodes placed to stimulate hip extension, abduction, and adduction, and knee extension. After receiving equal mobility training in the use of LLB and the FES system, subjects were tested in 8 upright mobility activities. Six subjects have completed data collection. Results indicate that the subjects completed 4 activities more quickly with FES than with LLB and were more independent in 2 activities. No subject required more time or assistance to complete any activity with FES. These results indicate that performance with an implanted FES system was comparable to or better than performance with LLB. In addition, FES may be advantageous for several important functional activities.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The aim of this study was to compare the use of a completely implanted functional electrical stimulation (FES) system to long leg braces (LLB) for upright mobility in children and adolescents with spinal cord injury. Nine subjects underwent surgical implantation of an FES system, with electrodes placed to stimulate hip extension, abduction, and adduction, and knee extension. After receiving equal mobility training in the use of LLB and the FES system, subjects were tested in 8 upright mobility activities. Six subjects have completed data collection. Results indicate that the subjects completed 4 activities more quickly with FES than with LLB and were more independent in 2 activities. No subject required more time or assistance to complete any activity with FES. These results indicate that performance with an implanted FES system was comparable to or better than performance with LLB. In addition, FES may be advantageous for several important functional activities.
Oozeer, M; Andrien, A; Delbeke, J; Legat, V; Veraart, C
A Modeling Study of Optic Nerve Stimulation by Surface Eyelid Electrode Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 037, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_037,
title = {A Modeling Study of Optic Nerve Stimulation by Surface Eyelid Electrode},
author = {M Oozeer and A Andrien and J Delbeke and V Legat and C Veraart},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_037_Oozeer.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {037},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Stimulation through a surface electrode installed on the eyelid can activate the visual anterior pathways. In order to study the underlying physiological phenomena, a macroscopic axisymmetric model of the orbit has been elaborated. By building an appropriate mesh on this model and under some boundary conditions, the Finite Element Method can be applied to compute the electric field generated by the electrode. A model of a retinal ganglion cell axon starting from the retina and travelling through the optic nerve has been used to illustrate the fiber reaction to such a potential distribution. Under those simulation conditions, the optic nerve head seems to be the first structure to be activated by the stimulation.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Stimulation through a surface electrode installed on the eyelid can activate the visual anterior pathways. In order to study the underlying physiological phenomena, a macroscopic axisymmetric model of the orbit has been elaborated. By building an appropriate mesh on this model and under some boundary conditions, the Finite Element Method can be applied to compute the electric field generated by the electrode. A model of a retinal ganglion cell axon starting from the retina and travelling through the optic nerve has been used to illustrate the fiber reaction to such a potential distribution. Under those simulation conditions, the optic nerve head seems to be the first structure to be activated by the stimulation.
Guiraud, D; Pacetti, A; Meola, E; Divoux, J L; Rabischong, P
One Year Implanted Patients Follow Up: SUAW Project First Results Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 020, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_020,
title = {One Year Implanted Patients Follow Up: SUAW Project First Results},
author = {D Guiraud and A Pacetti and E Meola and J L Divoux and P Rabischong},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_020_Guiraud.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {020},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Two patients were implanted with a sixteen channel neural/epimysial stimulator under the European SUAW project. Restoring standing up and short distance walking in paraplegics are the two main objectives. One year after the implantation, the first patient is able to achieve both movements with acceptable performances. During this year the system functioning and stimulation parameters were monitored. The very first results obtained with no statistic relevance, indicate tendencies and are close to the ones found in literature. The mix of both types of stimulation is possible and suitable. It provides a new set of useful data for the next generation of implantable FES systems. The experiment must be extended to a larger set of patients that have to be monitored on a longer period to confirm or not the validity of the strategy used.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Two patients were implanted with a sixteen channel neural/epimysial stimulator under the European SUAW project. Restoring standing up and short distance walking in paraplegics are the two main objectives. One year after the implantation, the first patient is able to achieve both movements with acceptable performances. During this year the system functioning and stimulation parameters were monitored. The very first results obtained with no statistic relevance, indicate tendencies and are close to the ones found in literature. The mix of both types of stimulation is possible and suitable. It provides a new set of useful data for the next generation of implantable FES systems. The experiment must be extended to a larger set of patients that have to be monitored on a longer period to confirm or not the validity of the strategy used.
Jaime, R-P; Matjacic, Z; Hunt, K J
Paraplegic Standing Supported by FES-Controlled Ankle Stiffness Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 025, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_025,
title = {Paraplegic Standing Supported by FES-Controlled Ankle Stiffness},
author = {R-P Jaime and Z Matjacic and K J Hunt},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_025_Jaime.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {025},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {The objective of this study was to investigate whether a paraplegic subject is able to maintain balance during standing by means of voluntary and reflex activity of the upper body while being supported by closed loop controlled ankle stiffness using FES. The knees and hips of the subject were held in extended positions by a mechanical apparatus, which restrained movement to the sagittal plane. The subject underwent several training sessions where the appropriate level of stiffness around the ankles was maintained by the mechanical apparatus. This enabled the subject to learn how to use the upper body for balancing. After the subject gained adequate skills closed-loop FES was employed to regulate ankle stiffness and in subsequent standing sessions the subject had no difficulties in maintaining balance. When the FES support was withheld the balancing was not possible.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The objective of this study was to investigate whether a paraplegic subject is able to maintain balance during standing by means of voluntary and reflex activity of the upper body while being supported by closed loop controlled ankle stiffness using FES. The knees and hips of the subject were held in extended positions by a mechanical apparatus, which restrained movement to the sagittal plane. The subject underwent several training sessions where the appropriate level of stiffness around the ankles was maintained by the mechanical apparatus. This enabled the subject to learn how to use the upper body for balancing. After the subject gained adequate skills closed-loop FES was employed to regulate ankle stiffness and in subsequent standing sessions the subject had no difficulties in maintaining balance. When the FES support was withheld the balancing was not possible.
Betz, R R; Johnston, T; Smith, B T; Mulcahey, M J; McCarthy, J J
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 019, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_019,
title = {Percutaneous Implantable Functional Electrical Stimulation for Upright Mobility in Children With Spinal Cord Injury: Description of Surgical Technique},
author = {R R Betz and T Johnston and B T Smith and M J Mulcahey and J J McCarthy},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_019_Betz.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {019},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Eight children with thoracic-level paraplegia and one adolescent with C7 tetraplegia underwent surgical implantation of a completely implanted 8 channel lower extremity FES system (NeuroControl Corporation, Valley View, Ohio). Intramuscular electrodes were implanted bilaterally using a percutaneous needle insertion technique. Electrodes were implanted to the femoral nerve or vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and posterior fibers of the adductor magnus. The electrode leads were tunneled subcutaneously and connected to the stimulator placed in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Stimulated motor responses were characterized at regular intervals to develop stimulation patterns for upright mobility and to track electrode performance. Of 86 electrodes implanted, 72 electrodes (84%) provided consistent functional responses from implant to an average follow-up of 19 months. Fourteen electrodes (16%), 13 of which involved two of the first three subjects, required revision approximately 3 months after implant. Based on our initial experiences, refinements of the implant procedures were implemented.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Eight children with thoracic-level paraplegia and one adolescent with C7 tetraplegia underwent surgical implantation of a completely implanted 8 channel lower extremity FES system (NeuroControl Corporation, Valley View, Ohio). Intramuscular electrodes were implanted bilaterally using a percutaneous needle insertion technique. Electrodes were implanted to the femoral nerve or vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and posterior fibers of the adductor magnus. The electrode leads were tunneled subcutaneously and connected to the stimulator placed in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. Stimulated motor responses were characterized at regular intervals to develop stimulation patterns for upright mobility and to track electrode performance. Of 86 electrodes implanted, 72 electrodes (84%) provided consistent functional responses from implant to an average follow-up of 19 months. Fourteen electrodes (16%), 13 of which involved two of the first three subjects, required revision approximately 3 months after implant. Based on our initial experiences, refinements of the implant procedures were implemented.
Davis, R; Barriskill, A; Milijasevic, Z; Houdayer, T; Andrews, B
The Praxis FES-24B System For Functional Restoration in Paraplegia Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 028, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_028,
title = {The Praxis FES-24B System For Functional Restoration in Paraplegia},
author = {R Davis and A Barriskill and Z Milijasevic and T Houdayer and B Andrews},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_028_Davis.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {028},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Neopraxis Pty. Ltd. (Lane Cove, N.S.W., Australia) is manufacturing the new implantable Praxis FES System to provide multiple benefits to suitable paraplegic users: Bladder Control, Upright Functional Mobility, Pressure Relief and Lower Extremity Exercise. The implant achieves these functions through epineural stimulation of nerves in the legs, the medial lumbar region, the sacrum and the conus medullaris. A body worn controller, the Navigator, transcutaneously powers and controls an implanted Stimulator via a magnetically held Transmit Coil/Antenna. The Stimulator is connected to 22 Electrodes by flexible and stretchable insulated leads. Sensor Packs attached to each thigh, shank and the trunk, provide the Navigator's software Strategies with real time information on the position of the lower extremities and the trunk. The Stimulator provides real time data telemetry functions including the ability to measure the impedance of the current path through each electrode and the ability to transmit voltage measurements from each electrode.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Neopraxis Pty. Ltd. (Lane Cove, N.S.W., Australia) is manufacturing the new implantable Praxis FES System to provide multiple benefits to suitable paraplegic users: Bladder Control, Upright Functional Mobility, Pressure Relief and Lower Extremity Exercise. The implant achieves these functions through epineural stimulation of nerves in the legs, the medial lumbar region, the sacrum and the conus medullaris. A body worn controller, the Navigator, transcutaneously powers and controls an implanted Stimulator via a magnetically held Transmit Coil/Antenna. The Stimulator is connected to 22 Electrodes by flexible and stretchable insulated leads. Sensor Packs attached to each thigh, shank and the trunk, provide the Navigator's software Strategies with real time information on the position of the lower extremities and the trunk. The Stimulator provides real time data telemetry functions including the ability to measure the impedance of the current path through each electrode and the ability to transmit voltage measurements from each electrode.
Stevens, C H H; Durham, S. andDurham; Ewins, D J
Preliminary Findings of a Study of the Effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation on the Gait of Children with Cerebral Palsy Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 031, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_031,
title = {Preliminary Findings of a Study of the Effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation on the Gait of Children with Cerebral Palsy},
author = {C H H Stevens and S.andDurham Durham and D J Ewins},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_031_Stevens.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {031},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {The study attempts to find out if Functional Electrical Stimulation using a single channel dropped foot stimulator on tibialis anterior, with timing controlled by a foot switch can help children with cerebral palsy who walk with a toe gait. Baseline kinematic and other data of their usual gait was taken using a computerized motion analysis system. Data collection was repeated at the start and end of stimulation, and after three months of no stimulation. Mean heel - toe intervals of the affected leg rose from 4 to 78 ms in the child analysed. Questionnaire responses by children and parents cite improvements in heel strike in gait, standing with flat feet, toe clearance during swing phase and increased stability.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The study attempts to find out if Functional Electrical Stimulation using a single channel dropped foot stimulator on tibialis anterior, with timing controlled by a foot switch can help children with cerebral palsy who walk with a toe gait. Baseline kinematic and other data of their usual gait was taken using a computerized motion analysis system. Data collection was repeated at the start and end of stimulation, and after three months of no stimulation. Mean heel - toe intervals of the affected leg rose from 4 to 78 ms in the child analysed. Questionnaire responses by children and parents cite improvements in heel strike in gait, standing with flat feet, toe clearance during swing phase and increased stability.
Dalmose, A L; Rijkhoff, N J M; Kirkeby, H J; Nohr, M; Sinkjaer, T; Djurhuus, J C
Repetition Of Conditional Stimulations As Treatment For Detrusor Hyperreflexia May Potentiate The Effect Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 036, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_036,
title = {Repetition Of Conditional Stimulations As Treatment For Detrusor Hyperreflexia May Potentiate The Effect},
author = {A L Dalmose and N J M Rijkhoff and H J Kirkeby and M Nohr and T Sinkjaer and J C Djurhuus},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_036_Dalmose.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {036},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Introduction Conditional short duration electrical stimulation can inhibit hyperreflexic detrusor contractions and increase cystometric capacity in spinal cord injured patients significantly. Material and Methods Six patients had a standard cystometry performed as a control. To optimize stimulation parameters conditional electrical stimulation using 8, 15 and 30 pulses per second (pps) in randomized order was performed during three subsequent cystometries. The stimulation was performed on the penile/clitoral nerve in response to one or more hyperreflexic detrusor contractions during the three cystometries. Results Mean cystometric capacity increase compared to control: 1st cystometry 48%, 2nd 59%, 3rd 63%. The most effective pulse-frequency was 8 pps. Increase compared to control: 8 pps 70%, 15 pps 43% 30 pps 57%. Conclusion Our findings suggest that repetition of conditional stimulation may lead to potentiation rather than habituation. A stimulation frequency of 8 pps seems to be more effective than 15 pps and 30 pps.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Introduction Conditional short duration electrical stimulation can inhibit hyperreflexic detrusor contractions and increase cystometric capacity in spinal cord injured patients significantly. Material and Methods Six patients had a standard cystometry performed as a control. To optimize stimulation parameters conditional electrical stimulation using 8, 15 and 30 pulses per second (pps) in randomized order was performed during three subsequent cystometries. The stimulation was performed on the penile/clitoral nerve in response to one or more hyperreflexic detrusor contractions during the three cystometries. Results Mean cystometric capacity increase compared to control: 1st cystometry 48%, 2nd 59%, 3rd 63%. The most effective pulse-frequency was 8 pps. Increase compared to control: 8 pps 70%, 15 pps 43% 30 pps 57%. Conclusion Our findings suggest that repetition of conditional stimulation may lead to potentiation rather than habituation. A stimulation frequency of 8 pps seems to be more effective than 15 pps and 30 pps.
Memberg, W D; Crago, P E
Restoration of Elbow Extension Via FES in Individuals With Tetraplegia Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 016, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_016,
title = {Restoration of Elbow Extension Via FES in Individuals With Tetraplegia},
author = {W D Memberg and P E Crago},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_016_Memberg.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {016},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Functional electrical stimulation of the triceps is a method of restoring elbow extension to individuals with a paralyzed triceps. Activation of the stimulation is achieved either as part of a pre-programmed hand grasp pattern, or via a switch connected to an augmented external controller. Stimulated elbow extension moments in ten arms ranged from 0.5 to 13.3 Nm. Stimulation of the long head of the triceps should be avoided in persons with weak shoulder abduction, since shoulder adduction can be coupled to elbow extension in these cases. Elbow extension neuroprostheses provide statistically significant increases in the ability to successfully reach and move an object, and significantly decrease the time required to acquire an object while reaching.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Functional electrical stimulation of the triceps is a method of restoring elbow extension to individuals with a paralyzed triceps. Activation of the stimulation is achieved either as part of a pre-programmed hand grasp pattern, or via a switch connected to an augmented external controller. Stimulated elbow extension moments in ten arms ranged from 0.5 to 13.3 Nm. Stimulation of the long head of the triceps should be avoided in persons with weak shoulder abduction, since shoulder adduction can be coupled to elbow extension in these cases. Elbow extension neuroprostheses provide statistically significant increases in the ability to successfully reach and move an object, and significantly decrease the time required to acquire an object while reaching.
Fujii, T; Aidu, K; Yamamoto, S; Ichie, M; Handa, Y; Hoshimiya, N; Handa, I
Roles of Upper Extremities with Complete Paraplegia in Standing FES Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 023, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_023,
title = {Roles of Upper Extremities with Complete Paraplegia in Standing FES},
author = {T Fujii and K Aidu and S Yamamoto and M Ichie and Y Handa and N Hoshimiya and I Handa},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_023_Fujii.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {023},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {We have developed a motion analyzing system with eight force plates for upper extremities in standing FES and measured the efforts of upper extremities of three complete paraplegics with FES using percutaneous electrodes. At vertical direction, there were small reaction forces of upper extremities, but, at anterior and posterior direction there were efforts for correction of body balance. The reason why patients couldn't leave their hand off the parallel bar in FES standing is that small horizontal force are needed.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
We have developed a motion analyzing system with eight force plates for upper extremities in standing FES and measured the efforts of upper extremities of three complete paraplegics with FES using percutaneous electrodes. At vertical direction, there were small reaction forces of upper extremities, but, at anterior and posterior direction there were efforts for correction of body balance. The reason why patients couldn't leave their hand off the parallel bar in FES standing is that small horizontal force are needed.
Bhadra, N; Peckham, H P; Kilgore, K L; Keith, M W
A Second Generation Neuroprosthesis for Upper Extremity Spinal Cord Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 015, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_015,
title = {A Second Generation Neuroprosthesis for Upper Extremity Spinal Cord},
author = {N Bhadra and H P Peckham and K L Kilgore and M W Keith},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_015_Bhadra.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {015},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {An advanced neuroprostheses has been developed for control of grasp-release, forearm pronation, and elbow extension in persons with cervical level spinal cord injury. The neuroprosthesis includes an implanted 10-channel stimulator-telemeter (IST) and an implanted joint angle transducer (IJAT). This system has completed pre-clinical testing and has been implanted fully in four persons and partially in an additional person, all with C5/C6 level spinal cord injury. The maximum follow-up time is 3.5 years. All subjects demonstrated increased grasp strength, range of motion, ability to grasp objects, and increased independence in the performance of activities of daily living. Each subject became a regular user of the neuroprosthesis, and has indicated satisfaction with it. The electrodes and sensors have been stable over time, and there were no medical complications. This study indicates that advanced neuroprosthetic systems are safe and can provide grasping and reaching ability to individuals with cervical level spinal cord injury.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
An advanced neuroprostheses has been developed for control of grasp-release, forearm pronation, and elbow extension in persons with cervical level spinal cord injury. The neuroprosthesis includes an implanted 10-channel stimulator-telemeter (IST) and an implanted joint angle transducer (IJAT). This system has completed pre-clinical testing and has been implanted fully in four persons and partially in an additional person, all with C5/C6 level spinal cord injury. The maximum follow-up time is 3.5 years. All subjects demonstrated increased grasp strength, range of motion, ability to grasp objects, and increased independence in the performance of activities of daily living. Each subject became a regular user of the neuroprosthesis, and has indicated satisfaction with it. The electrodes and sensors have been stable over time, and there were no medical complications. This study indicates that advanced neuroprosthetic systems are safe and can provide grasping and reaching ability to individuals with cervical level spinal cord injury.
Vastenholt, J M; IJzerman, M J; Buschman, H P J; Snoek, G J; VanDerAA, H E
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 033, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_033,
title = {Seven Year Follow-up of Sacral Anterior Root Stimulation for Bladder Control in Patients with a Spinal Cord Injury: Complications and Quality of Life},
author = {J M Vastenholt and M J IJzerman and H P J Buschman and G J Snoek and H E VanDerAA},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_033_Vastenholt.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {033},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {Since 1976 sacral anterior root stimulation is one strategy for bladder control in patients with spinal cord injury. The objective of this study is to investigate the long-term effectiveness of the implanted bladder controller in spinal cord injured patients and to describe the prevalence of side effects and advantages of using such device compared to literature. Furthermore the experiences of patients themselves and their quality of life (QoL) will be described, using a condition specific questionnaire (Coloplast Qualiveen). Forty-one spinal cord injured patients, 35 male and 6 female, were selected in this study. All had surgery at the Department of Neurosurgery , MST in Enschede, the Netherlands. The post-surgery time ranged from 1.4 to 13.3 years (mean 7.1). Data collection is presently carried out and the results will be presented at the IFESS Conference in June 2001.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Since 1976 sacral anterior root stimulation is one strategy for bladder control in patients with spinal cord injury. The objective of this study is to investigate the long-term effectiveness of the implanted bladder controller in spinal cord injured patients and to describe the prevalence of side effects and advantages of using such device compared to literature. Furthermore the experiences of patients themselves and their quality of life (QoL) will be described, using a condition specific questionnaire (Coloplast Qualiveen). Forty-one spinal cord injured patients, 35 male and 6 female, were selected in this study. All had surgery at the Department of Neurosurgery , MST in Enschede, the Netherlands. The post-surgery time ranged from 1.4 to 13.3 years (mean 7.1). Data collection is presently carried out and the results will be presented at the IFESS Conference in June 2001.
Minato, T; Shimada, Y; Sato, K; Matsunaga, T; Tsutsumi, Y; Misawa, A; Ando, S; Ito, H; Sato, M; Hatakeyama, K; Chida, S; Iizuka, K
Standing Stability of the Medial Linkage KAFOs Using Functional Electrical Stimulation in Complete Paraplegia Inproceedings
In: Triolo, R J (Ed.): pp. 026, IFESS_2001, Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses
@inproceedings{IFESS2001_026,
title = {Standing Stability of the Medial Linkage KAFOs Using Functional Electrical Stimulation in Complete Paraplegia},
author = {T Minato and Y Shimada and K Sato and T Matsunaga and Y Tsutsumi and A Misawa and S Ando and H Ito and M Sato and K Hatakeyama and S Chida and K Iizuka},
editor = {R J Triolo},
url = {https://ifess.org/files/proceedings/IFESS2001/IFESS2001_026_Minato.pdf},
year = {2001},
date = {2001-07-01},
pages = {026},
publisher = {IFESS_2001},
address = {Cleveland, Ohio},
abstract = {A medial linkage device called Primewalk was developed by Saitoh et al. to connect two Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses (KAFOs). This device enabled to improve for paraplegic gait not only using orthosis but addition to functional electrical stimulation (FES). The purpose is to investigate the postural stability with the Primewalk device liked KAFOs in a paraplegic patient using FES. The complete T8 paraplegic patient, who has trained the gait for 7years using FES with medial linkage KAFOs participated in this study. The center of pressure (CoP) was measured during stance by force platform and calculated mean amplitude of sway and sway path. These parameter were evaluated under three conditions:(1) quiet standing, (2) pegs moving, and (3) plates staking. The results revealed that there were no significant differences between the Walkabout device and Primewalk one. The results suggested that the Primewalk provides the postural control as stable as the Walkabout during stance without upper limb support.},
keywords = {Principles & Applications of Neuroprostheses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A medial linkage device called Primewalk was developed by Saitoh et al. to connect two Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses (KAFOs). This device enabled to improve for paraplegic gait not only using orthosis but addition to functional electrical stimulation (FES). The purpose is to investigate the postural stability with the Primewalk device liked KAFOs in a paraplegic patient using FES. The complete T8 paraplegic patient, who has trained the gait for 7years using FES with medial linkage KAFOs participated in this study. The center of pressure (CoP) was measured during stance by force platform and calculated mean amplitude of sway and sway path. These parameter were evaluated under three conditions:(1) quiet standing, (2) pegs moving, and (3) plates staking. The results revealed that there were no significant differences between the Walkabout device and Primewalk one. The results suggested that the Primewalk provides the postural control as stable as the Walkabout during stance without upper limb support.